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You can find bird traces and wing marks only in the snow, soft sand, or on moist loam.
The thrush usually hops, leaving clawprints in pairs next to each other. Mincing short steps occur when it is waggling along directly toward something. When the thrush takes off from deep snow, it leaves marks with its wings because the large feathers hit the snow as the wings close.
The crow leaves larger traces than the thrush and is found more frequently. Since its legs are turned in somewhat, the crow waddles, and this can be seen in the traces. The marks made by the wings are also more pronounced than those of the thrush.
The jay leaves traces of about the same size as those of the thrush. They are found in pairs, at intervals of about five to six inches. Usually not many traces are found together, for the jay is not a ground bird. On the other hand, it often does leave traces of scratching, as it likes to dig for the squirrels' hidden provisions. The jay also drops feathers, and the blue plumage definitely reveals its presence.
The traces of the partridge approach those of the crow in size, but the toes are spread even farther apart. The partridge leaves cross-traced tracks and also flies up frequently, leaving wing marks which are especially pronounced since it beats its wings strongly when taking off and landing.
A plucking is the name given to a pile of feathers on which bits of skin, legs, or parts of the skull are still hanging. If you come across one, you will know that a bird of prey made the killing, since a marten, a polecat or a fox would have dragged its prey into its den. You can guess at what sort of bird of prey it was by the size of its booty and by the feathers lost in the struggle. Larger birds, from the pigeon to the partridge, fall victim to the hawk. The buzzard eats mice.
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